PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Assesses urine volume, color, transparency, specific gravity, and pH to evaluate patient hydration state, solute concentration, and systemic acid-base balance.

CHEMICAL STRIP PROFILING: Semiquantitative testing for protein (albumin), glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, leukocyte esterase, and nitrites to detect diabetes, hepatic disorders, and active bacterial infections.

MICROSCOPIC SEDIMENT ANALYSIS: High-magnification screening for red blood cells (RBCs/hematuria), pus cells (WBCs/pyuria), epithelial cells, and tissue cellularity indicating inflammation or lining shedding.

CRYSTAL & CAST IDENTIFICATION: Detects urinary casts (hyaline, granular, cellular) and pathological crystals (calcium oxalate, uric acid, triple phosphate) to screen for glomerulonephritis and nephrolithiasis risk.